KTU C programming question paper and evaluation scheme-2015 scheme

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SECOND SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY 2017

CS 100 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING (CS, IT)

SCHEME OF EVALUATION

PART A

An identifier is a sequence of characters invented by the programmer or to identify or name a specific object. The sequence of characters may be letters, digits, and special character ‘_’known as an underscore

Rules:

i) Identifiers should start with alphabets.

ii) Identifiers are case sensitive

iii) A numeric digit should not be the first character

iv) Identifier name should not be a keyword

v) Identifier may be of any reasonable length

1mark

2mark

Associativity defines the direction, left to right or right to left in which operator act upon its operands

Unary operators have associativity is from right to left.

For example in the expression &--x, pre decrement works first and then address of operator works

Direction + example

1mark

Continue is a loop control statement used in for, while or do-while. After a continue statement is executed in for, its increment and conditional expression are evaluated. If condition is true, nested statement are executed again

Example:

for(i=0; i<5; i++)

{

if(i==2)

continue;

printf(“%d”, i);

}

Output: 0 1 3 4

Here if i=2, printf statement after continue not executing and it increment the I and check condition

Working of continue with example

1mark

2mark

Library functions are inbuilt functions which are grouped together and placed in a common place called library files. All library functions are declared in many header files which are saved as filename.h

Example:

In header file string.h, there are some string manipulation functions

strlen()- find string length

strcmp()- compare strings etc.

Example

1mark

Before a function is used, C must know about the parameter types the function expects to receive and the data type it returns. Therefore in C program, a user defined functions should normally be declared prior to its use to allow the compiler to perform type checking on the arguments used in its call statement or calling construct. Syntax is:

return_typefunction_name(data_type variable1, data_type variable2, ……);

float[] function_name(float, int[]);

2mark

1mark

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

char a[10];

char *b;

int length(char *);

printf(“Enter string\n”);

scanf(“%s”, a);

b=a;

printf(“length is %d”, length(b));

}

int length(char *p)

{

int i=0;

while(*p!=’\0’)

{

i++;

p++

}

return(i);

}

3mark

data_typearray_name [row][column]={value1,value2,………};

Example: int a[2][2]={1,2,3,4};

int a[2][2]={(1,2),(3,4)};

if the initializer list include all the values similar to size of array then we can omit inner braces

2mark

Enumeration data types are data items whose values may be any member of a symbolically declared set of values. These values are integer constants.

enumtag_name{member1,member2,…..,memberN}variable1,…..variableX;

Eg: enum days{mon, tues, wed, thrs, fri, sat} d1;

In this example the values for mon, tues,……are 0,1,2…… We can assign values to variables

Eg: enum days {mon=10, tues=60, wed=20, thrs, fri, sat}

Here the values for thrs=60+1=61, fri=62, sat=63

Value assignment with example

1.5mark

*ptr++ - ++ has higher precedence than *. ptr++ increment the pointer to second location of array. *ptr++ returns second element in array

(*ptr)++ - expression inside parenthesis evaluated first, it return first element in array and increment the value by one

1.5mark

For a structure pointer

structtag_name

{

data_type member1;

data_type member2;

…..

data_typememberN ;

}*ptr;

To access member variable using pointer ptr we use (*ptr).member1. Bracket is needed to avoid confusion between .and * operator. To shorthand this operation we use ptr->member1

2mark

To open a file we use the function fopen()

FILE *fopen (const char *fname, const char *mode)

Example

FILE *fp;

fp= fopen(“a.txt”,”r”)

r- used to open a text file for reading

w- create a file for writing

a- Append to a text file

Any 3 modes

2mark

size_typefread(void *buffer, size_type size, size_typenum, FILE *fp);

It read from the file associated with fp, num number of objects, each of size size into buffer pointed to buffer and the number of objects actually read.

size_typefwrite(void *buffer, size_type size, size_typenum, FILE *fp);

It write to the file associated with fp, num number of objects, each of size size from buffer pointed to buffer and the number of objects actually write.

1.5mark

Static storage class makes a variable permanent within the specified region. Local variables and global variables are allowed in static variables. The default value of static variable is zero.

void show()

{

static int i;

printf(“%d”,i);

i++;

}

void main()

{

show();

}

Output: 0 1 2

Since static variable is permanent for a function block each time of call it increment the previous value of i

2mark

main() function can be defined using formal parameters. These parameters are called command line arguments. Arguments are specified when the program is executed.

int main(int argc, char* argv[])

argc- no of command line arguments including the command itself. i.e, argc must be atleast 1

argv- array of command line arguments

argv[0] contain the program name

3mark

A null pointer is a special pointer value that points nowhere.

data_type *ptr= NULL or data_type *ptr=0

2mark

Indirection opertator is *. It is called value at address operator. It returns the value stored at a particular address.

int i=5;

int *ptr;

ptr=&i;

printf(“%d”, *ptr) – returns the value at &i. i.e., 5

2mark

PART B

a) int fact (int n )

{

int k, f=1;

for (k=1;k<=n; k++)

{

f=f*k;

}

return f;

}

void main()

{

int i, n;

float sum=0;

printf(“Enter limit”);

scanf(“%d”, &n);

for(i=0;i<n; i++)

sum=sum+((i+1)/fact(2*i+1));

printf(“Sum is %d”,sum);

}

b) Type casting tell the compiler to represent the value of expression in certain way. Type casting is under the control of programmer. To cast a variable from one type to another

(new_ type) variable;

For example to type cast int x to float

(float)x;

Let int a=5,b=2;

c=a/b results 2

if c=(float)a/b, it results 2.500000

5mark

3mark

a) Call by value-value of actual parameter is passed to formal parameter. Any change in formal parameter not affect the value of actual parameters.

void swap(int x, int y)

{

int t;

t=x;

x=y;

y=t;

}

void main()

{

int x=2,y=5;

printf(“X and Y before swap is %d %d”, x, y);

swap(x, y); // call by value

printf(“X and Y after swap is %d %d”, x, y);

}

Output: X and Y before swap is 2 5

X and Y after swap is 2 5

Call by reference-address of actual parameter is passed to formal parameter. Any change in formal parameter affect the value of actual parameters.

void swap(int *x, int *y)

{

int t;

t=*x;

*x=*y;

* y=t;

}

void main()

{

int x=2,y=5;

printf(“X and Y before swap is %d %d”, x, y);

swap(&x, &y); // call by address

printf(“X and Y after swap is %d %d”, x, y);

}

Output: X and Y before swap is 2 5

X and Y after swap is 5 2

b) Bitwise AND(&)- true only if both bits are set.

x	y	x & y
0	0	0
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1

2&3=10&11=10=2

Bitwise OR(|)- true if either of the two bits set.

x	y	x \| y
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	1

2&3=10|11=11=3

6mark

2mark

a)void main()

{

int n, i, j, min;

int *a;

scanf (“%d”, &n);

a=(int*)malloc(n*sizeof(int));

printf(“Enter elements\n”);

for(i=0;i<n; i++)

scanf(“%d”,(a+i));

for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)

{

min=i;

for(j=i+1; j<n; j++)

if(*(a+j)<*(a+min)

min=j;

if (min!=i)

{

t=*(a+min);

*(a+min)=*(a+i);

*(a+i)=t;

}

for(i=0;i<n; i++)

printf(“%d”,*(a+i))

}

Selection sort with array

b)typedef keyword allows the programmer to create a new data type name for an existing data type

typedef existing_type new_type;

Example: typedef int id;

To declare new int variables :

id x, y;

6mark

3mark

2mark

a) void main()

{

char a[10], b[10], c[10];

int i, j;

printf(“Enter first string\n”);

scanf(“%s”, a);

printf(“Enter second string\n”);

scanf(“%s”, b);

for(i=0;a[i]!=’\0’;i++)

c[i]=a[i];

for(j=0;b[j]!=’\0’;j++)

{

c[i]=b[j];

i++;

}

c[i]=’\0’;

printf(“Concatenated string\n”);

printf(“%s”,c);

}

b) Structure and union are user defined data structures. Both are store different type data in single unit. In both the data members are accessed using dot operator.

Structure use the keyword struct and union use keyword union in declaration. Size of structure is sum of size of all member variables. Size of union is the size of largest member function. Therefore union keep only single member in its memory

Explanation with example

5mark

3mark

a)int search(int x[], int k, int l,int h)

{

int mid;

if(l>h)

return -1;

mid=(l+h)/2;

return(k==x[mid]?mid:k<x[mid]?search(x,k,l,mid-1):search(x,k,mid+1,h));

}

void main()

{

int i, k, l, h, n, x[10];

printf(“Enter limit”);

scanf(“%d”, &n);

for(i=0; i<n; i++)

scanf(“%d”, &x[i]);

printf(“Enter key”);

scanf(“%d”,&k);

l=0;

h=n-1;

printf(“Element present in %d “, search(x,k,l,h);

}

b)using keyword const we declare constants in C

constdata_type variable=value;

Example: const int x=5;

using preprocessor directive #define

# define pi 3.14

5mark

3mark

PART C

a)#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int **a,**b,**c,i,j,t,m1,n1,m2,n2,k;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the order of first matrix:");

scanf("%d%d",&m1,&n1);

a=(int**)malloc(m1*sizeof(int*));

for(j=0;j<m1;j++)

{

*(a+j)=(int*)malloc(n1*sizeof(int));

}

printf("Enter the order of second matrix:");

scanf("%d%d",&m2,&n2);

b=(int**)malloc(m2*sizeof(int*));

for(j=0;j<m2;j++)

{

*(b+j)=(int*)malloc(n2*sizeof(int));

}

c=(int**)malloc(m1*sizeof(int*));

for(j=0;j<m1;j++)

{

*(c+j)=(int*)malloc(n2*sizeof(int));

}

printf("Enter elements of first matrix");

for(i=0;i<m1;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<n1;j++)

scanf("%d",(*(a+i)+j));

}

printf("Enter elements of second matrix");

for(i=0;i<m2;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<n2;j++)

scanf("%d",(*(b+i)+j));

}

printf("\n Matrix A\n");

for(i=0;i<m1;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<n1;j++)

{

printf("%d\t", *(*(a+i)+j));

}

printf("\n");

}

printf("\n Matrix B\n");

for(i=0;i<m2;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<n2;j++)

{

printf("%d\t", *(*(b+i)+j));

}

printf("\n");

}

for(i=0;i<m1;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<n2;j++)

{

*(*(c+i)+j)=0;

for(k=0;k<n1;k++)

*(*(c+i)+j)=*(*(c+i)+j)+ (*(*(a+i)+k) * *(*(b+k)+j));

}

printf("\n Matrix A * B\n");

for(i=0;i<m1;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<n2;j++)

{

printf("%d\t", *(*(c+i)+j));

}

printf("\n");

}

free(a);

free(b);

free(c);

}

b)Dangling else problem

10mark

4mark

a) void main()

{

FILE *fp1,*fp2,*fp3;

int c;

fp1=fopen (“first.txt”,”r”);

fp3=fopen (“third.txt”,”w”);

c=getc(fp1);

while (c!=EOF)

{

putc(c,fp3);

c=getc(fp1);

}

fclose(fp1);

fclose(fp3);

fp2=fopen (“second.txt”,”r”);

fp3=fopen (“third.txt”,”a”);

c=getc(fp2);

while (c!=EOF)

{

putc(c,fp3);

c=getc(fp2);

}

fclose(fp2);

fclose(fp3);

}
b) Dynamic memory allocation is a way to defer the decision of how much memory is necessary until the program is actually running or give back memory that the program no longer needs.

void* malloc(size_t size) – request a contiguous block of memory of the given size in the heap. malloc() returns a pointer to the heap block or NULL if the request is not satisfied.

calloc()- works like malloc, but initializes the memory to zero if possible. The prototype is

void* calloc(size_t count, size_t size)

This fuction allocates a block long enough to contain an array of count element, each of size size. Its contents are cleared to zero before calloc returns

10 mark

4mark

a) struct Student

{

int rno;

char name[10];

char gender[10];

float cgpa;

};

void main()

{

struct Student s[20];

struct Student t;

int i, j, n;

printf(“Enter count\n”);

scanf(“%d”, &n);

printf(“Enter details\n”);

for(i=0; i<n; i++)

{

scanf (“%d”, &s[i]. rno);

scanf (“%s”, s[i]. name);

scanf (“%s”, s[i]. gender);

scanf (“%f”, &s[i]. cgpa);

}

printf (“Ranklist…………….”);

for(i=0; i<n; i++)

for(j=0; j<n-1-i; j++)

if(s[j].cgpa>s[j+1].cgpa)

{

t=s[j];

s[j]=s[j+1];

s[j+1]=t;

}

for(i=0; i<n; i++)

{

printf (“%d”, s[i]. rno);

printf (“%s”, s[i]. name);

printf (“%s”, s[i]. gender);

printf (“%f”, s[i]. cgpa);

}

printf(“CGPA less than 7”)

for(i=0; i<n; i++)

if(s[i].cgpa<7)

{

printf (“%d”, s[i]. rno);

printf (“%s”, s[i]. name);

printf (“%s”, s[i]. gender);

printf (“%f”, s[i]. cgpa);

}

b) Scope of a variable relate to the accessibility, duration of existence, and boundary of usage of the variable. Based on scope variables are classified into 2:

Local variables: variables are declared within the function body. They are automatically created at the point of their declaration within the function body. They are unknown to other functions and to the main program.

Global variables: Declared outside of all functions of a program and accessible by any of these functions

int x=10,y=20; // global variable

void fnsum()

{

int sum; //local variable

sum=x+y;
printf("Sum=%d",sum);

}

void main()

{

fnsum();

}

10mark

4mark

Programming in C Theory and Lab EST 102 for KTU 2019 Scheme- Dr Binu V P

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